The distribution used for the hypothesis test is a new one. It is called the F distribution, named after Sir Ronald Fisher, an English statistician. The F statistic is a ratio (a fraction). There are two sets of degrees of freedom; one for the numerator and one for the denominator.
For example, if F follows an F distribution and the number of degrees of freedom for the numerator is four, and the number of degrees of freedom for the denominator is ten, then F ~ F4,10.
The F distribution is derived from the Student’s t-distribution. The values of the F distribution are squares of the corresponding values of the t-distribution. One-Way ANOVA expands the t-test for comparing more than two groups. The scope of that derivation is beyond the level of this course.
To calculate the F ratio, two estimates of the variance are made.
To find a “sum of squares” means to add together squared quantities that, in some cases, may be weighted.
MS means “mean square.” MSbetween is the variance between groups, and MSwithin is the variance within groups.
k = the number of different groups
nj = the size of the jth group
sj = the sum of the values in the jth group
n = total number of all the values combined (total sample size: ∑nj)
Sum of squares of all values from every group combined: ∑
x 2
Explained variation: sum of squares representing variation among the different samples:
[latex]\displaystyle_>>=\sum<[\frac<<()>^>>_<>>]>-\frac<<(\sum_<>)>^>>>[/latex]
Unexplained variation: sum of squares representing variation within samples due to chance:
[latex]\displaystyle_>>=_>>-_>>[/latex]
df‘s for different groups (df‘s for the numerator): df = k – 1
Equation for errors within samples (df‘s for the denominator):
Mean square (variance estimate) that is due to chance (unexplained):
[latex]\displaystyle_>>=\frac<<_>>>>_>>>>[/latex]
MSbetween and MSwithin can be written as follows:
The one-way ANOVA test depends on the fact that
MSbetween can be influenced by population differences among means of the several groups. Since MSwithin compares values of each group to its own group mean, the fact that group means might be different does not affect MSwithin.
The null hypothesis says that all groups are samples from populations having the same normal distribution. The alternate hypothesis says that at least two of the sample groups come from populations with different normal distributions. If the null hypothesis is true,
MSbetween and MSwithin should both estimate the same value.
The null hypothesis says that all the group population means are equal. The hypothesis of equal means implies that the populations have the same normal distribution, because it is assumed that the populations are normal and that they have equal variances.
If
MSbetween and MSwithin estimate the same value (following the belief that H0 is true), then the F-ratio should be approximately equal to one. Mostly, just sampling errors would contribute to variations away from one. As it turns out, MSbetween consists of the population variance plus a variance produced from the differences between the samples. MSwithin is an estimate of the population variance. Since variances are always positive, if the null hypothesis is false, MSbetween will generally be larger than MSwithin.Then the F-ratio will be larger than one. However, if the population effect is small, it is not unlikely that MSwithin will be larger in a given sample.
The foregoing calculations were done with groups of different sizes. If the groups are the same size, the calculations simplify somewhat and the
F-ratio can be written as:
Data are typically put into a table for easy viewing. One-Way ANOVA results are often displayed in this manner by computer software.
| Source of Variation | Sum of Squares ( SS) | Degrees of Freedom ( df) | Mean Square ( MS) | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor(Between) | SS(Factor) | k – 1 | MS(Factor) =SS(Factor)/(k – 1) | F =MS(Factor)/MS(Error) |
| Error(Within) | SS(Error) | n – k | MS(Error) =SS(Error)/(n –k) | |
| Total | SS(Total) | n – 1 |
Three different diet plans are to be tested for mean weight loss. The entries in the table are the weight losses for the different plans. The one-way ANOVA results are shown in in the table here.
| Plan 1: n1 = 4 | Plan 2: n2 = 3 | Plan 3: n3 = 3 |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | 3.5 | 8 |
| 4.5 | 7 | 4 |
| 4 | ||
| 3 | 4.5 |
Following are the calculations needed to fill in the one-way ANOVA table. The table is used to conduct a hypothesis test.
One-Way ANOVA Table: The formulas for
SS(Total), SS(Factor) = SS(Between) andSS(Error) = SS(Within) as shown previously.
The same information is provided by the TI calculator hypothesis test function ANOVA in STAT TESTS (syntax is ANOVA(L1, L2, L3) where L1, L2, L3 have the data from Plan 1, Plan 2, Plan 3 respectively).
| Source of Variation | Sum of Squares ( SS) | Degrees of Freedom ( df) | Mean Square ( MS) | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor(Between) | SS(Factor)=SS(Between)= 2.2458 | k – 1= 3 groups – 1= 2 | MS(Factor)=SS(Factor)/(k– 1)= 2.2458/2= 1.1229 | F =MS(Factor)/MS(Error)= 1.1229/2.9792= 0.3769 |
| Error(Within) | SS(Error)= SS(Within)= 20.8542 | n – k= 10 total data – 3 groups= 7 | MS(Error)=SS(Error)/(n– k)= 20.8542/7= 2.9792 | |
| Total | SS(Total)= 2.2458 + 20.8542= 23.1 | n – 1= 10 total data – 1= 9 |
As part of an experiment to see how different types of soil cover would affect slicing tomato production, Marist College students grew tomato plants under different soil cover conditions. Groups of three plants each had one of the following treatments
All plants grew under the same conditions and were the same variety. Students recorded the weight (in grams) of tomatoes produced by each of the n = 15 plants:
| Bare: n1 = 3 | Ground Cover: n2 = 3 | Plastic: n3 = 3 | Straw: n4 = 3 | Compost: n5 = 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2,625 | 5,348 | 6,583 | 7,285 | 6,277 |
| 2,997 | 5,682 | 8,560 | 6,897 | 7,818 |
| 4,915 | 5,482 | 3,830 | 9,230 | 8,677 |
Create the one-way ANOVA table.
Enter the data into lists L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. Press STAT and arrow over to TESTS. Arrow down to ANOVA. Press ENTER and enter L1, L2, L3, L4, L5). Press ENTER. The table was filled in with the results from the calculator.
One-Way ANOVA table:
| Source of Variation | Sum of Squares ( SS) | Degrees of Freedom ( df) | Mean Square ( MS) | F |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor (Between) | 36,648,561 | 5 – 1 = 4 | [latex]\displaystyle\frac,,>>>=,,[/latex] | [latex]\displaystyle\frac<<,,>>,,>>=[/latex] |
| Error (Within) | 20,446,726 | 15 – 5 = 10 | [latex]\displaystyle\frac,,>>>=,,[/latex] | |
| Total | 57,095,287 | 15 – 1 = 14 |
The one-way ANOVA hypothesis test is always right-tailed because larger
F-values are way out in the right tail of the F-distribution curve and tend to make us reject H0.
Tomato Data, Marist College School of Science (unpublished student research)
Analysis of variance compares the means of a response variable for several groups. ANOVA compares the variation within each group to the variation of the mean of each group. The ratio of these two is the
F statistic from an F distribution with (number of groups – 1) as the numerator degrees of freedom and (number of observations – number of groups) as the denominator degrees of freedom. These statistics are summarized in the ANOVA table.
dfbetween = df(num) = k – 1
where:
k = the number of groups nj = the size of the jth group sj = the sum of the values in the jth group n = the total number of all values (observations) combined x = one value (one observation) from the data [latex]\displaystyle_<\overline<